【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞This work explores the intellectual evolution from the 12th to the 18th centuries in the context of Latin philosophy, tracing the developments in theology, metaphysics, and natural philosophy that shaped the medieval and modern worldview. The study highlights key figures such as Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, John Duns Scotus, and Roger Bacon, analyzing their contributions to the scholastic tradition, the integration of Aristotelian thought with Christian theology, and the rise of empirical science. The text also examines the tensions between faith and reason, the impact of the rise of humanism, the challenges posed by the Reformation, and the eventual shift toward modernity during the Scientific Revolution. Through the study of these intellectual currents, this work reveals how medieval and early modern thinkers navigated the complex relationship between philosophy, religion, and the natural world, laying the groundwork...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The Hellenistic Age, spanning roughly from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE to the rise of Roman imperial dominance around 31 BCE, marks a crucial period in the history of philosophy. This era, one of cultural and intellectual flourishing, was born out of the vast and dramatic changes brought about by Alexander's conquests. His military campaigns extended Greek influence across Asia and Egypt, effectively transforming the Mediterranean world and initiating an era in which Greek culture, philosophy, and ideas permeated far beyond the Greek city-states. It was a time of political fragmentation, as the once unified Greek city-state system, epitomized by Athens, gave way to the formation of vast empires under the rule of Alexander's successors, the Diadochi. These empires, such as the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, created an entirely new intellectual and political context in which philosophy could evolve.＜/p＞ ...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The cardinal virtuesーPrudence, Justice, Temperance, and Courageーhave shaped the moral and ethical frameworks of Western philosophy for centuries. Originating in ancient Greece, these virtues became central not only in philosophical discourse but also in religious and political thought throughout the ages. They are often referred to as the "four pillars" of virtuous living, providing a comprehensive ethical system that addresses human behavior, decision-making, and the cultivation of a just society. Their enduring relevance across millennia is testament to their depth and universal appeal in guiding human conduct toward moral excellence.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文できません。

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The relationship between philosophy and mythology in the Greco-Roman world is one of profound complexity, entangled in the very roots of Western intellectual tradition. Mythology, as the oldest form of storytelling and meaning-making, predates philosophy but provides the foundation upon whichphilosophical thought was first constructed. It is in myth that ancient cultures embedded their understanding of the cosmos, human nature, and the divine, weaving narratives that sought to explain both the physical world and the moral order governing human life. Philosophy, emerging in the sixth century BCE with the Pre-Socratic thinkers, did not outright reject mythology but instead engaged with it, seeking either to reinterpret its claims through reason or to provide alternative explanations rooted in logical inquiry.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The interaction between Greek ethics and medieval Islamic philosophy forms one of the most remarkable intellectual syntheses in history. This process, spanning centuries, involved the translation, interpretation, and adaptation of key ethical concepts from ancient Greece into the Islamic world, giving rise to a rich philosophical tradition that addressed moral questions through the lenses of reason, revelation, and metaphysical inquiry. At the heart of this synthesis lay the works of Plato and Aristotle, whose ethical writings shaped foundational debates about the nature of virtue, the soul, and the pursuit of happiness.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文できません。

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Please note: This is a companion version &not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 I once visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and while I was there, I found a painting that had been painted in Paris in the autumn of 1786 by the thirty-eight-year-old Jacques-Louis David. #2 The death of Socrates marked a defining moment in the history of philosophy. It was significant enough that it was painted by the French painter Charles-Alphonse Dufresnoy in 1650. #3 The postcard depicted the last edifying moments of a transcendent being. It contrasted sharply with my own behavior, which was to be liked rather than to speak the truth. I did not publicly doubt ideas to which the majority was committed. #4 The Greek philosopher Socrates was the first to question authority, and his life and death were an invitation to become wise through philosophy.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ペ...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞This book explores the concept of the afterlife across a vast spectrum of ancient and modern belief systems, tracing the evolution of human thought on death, resurrection, and the fate of the soul. Beginning with the earliest known religious traditions, the book delves into the afterlife beliefs of ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, examining how these cultures understood death and what they believed awaited the soul in the afterlife. It examines the development of eschatological thought in ancient religions like Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, each offering distinct perspectives on the soul's journey after death.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The work also covers the afterlife in early Christianity, analyzing how Christian theology shaped and was shaped by ancient Jewish ideas, Greek philosophy, and mystery religions. The evolution of Christian eschatology, including the development of heave...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞This book deals with the principal doctrines of Epicureanism and the Epicurean pursuit of pleasure.＜/p＞ ＜p＞“The term ＜em＞Epicureanism＜/em＞ has two distinct meanings. In its popular sense, the word stands for a refined and calculating selfishness, seeking not power or fame, but the pleasures of sense, particularly of the palate, and those in company rather than solitude. An ＜em＞epicure＜/em＞ is one who is extremely choice and delicate in his viands. In the other sense, Epicureanism signifies a philosophical system, which includes a theory of conduct, of nature, and of mind.” ＜em＞(Michael J. Ryan)＜/em＞＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文できません。

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The concept of truth has been a central preoccupation of philosophy and theology since their inception. The question of what constitutes truth, how it can be known, and how it relates to the human experience of the world has shaped intellectual traditions for millennia. In classical thought, truth was often understood not merely as a static fact or correspondence to reality, but as a dynamic and foundational principle that governed both the cosmos and human existence. The nature of truth in this context was not just a matter of intellectual curiosity but one of profound metaphysical andtheological significance, influencing everything from the structure of reality itself to the very relationship between the divine and the human.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文できません。

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Eastern philosophy has a rich history dating back to at least 3,000 BC, with its sources primarily in Asia, especially India and China. This book examines the five best-known Eastern worldviews: Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Zen. It discusses their main characteristics and considers the purpose of each philosophy. Eastern philosophy differs greatly from Western philosophy. In a general sense, it can be said that Eastern philosophy focuses mainly on reality, while Western philosophy centers around truth.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Author Marc Jikan Brookhuis has written several bookson Zen, mindfulness, and Eastern philosophy. Some of his works include "Mindfulness, back to the here and now" and "Zen, stories from the East."＜/p＞ ＜p＞For more information about this author and his titles, contact his agency, Blackbird Literary Agency＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Please note: This is a companion version &not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 The roots of Western philosophy can be found in the work of Greek philosophers during the fifth and sixth centuries. These philosophers, later referred to as pre-Socratic, started to question the world around them. Rather than attributing their surroundings to the Greek gods, they searched for more rational explanations. #2 The term pre-Socratic refers to the differences in ideology and principles between the pre-Socratic philosophers and those of Socrates. While many pre-Socratic philosophers produced texts, none have survived and most of what we know about the pre-Socratic philosophers is based on the fragments of text that remain and the quotes of later historians and philosophers, which were usually biased. #3 The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras believed that the basis of all reality was mathematical rel...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Please note: This is a companion version &not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 Freedom is one of the most important concepts in political philosophy. For many, the primary purpose of a legitimate political system is to protect the freedom of its citizens. But first we must determine what freedom is. Is it simply the ability to make choices without external interference. Or does freedom require particular circumstances. #2 The idea of liberty is that an individual is free in so far as they are able to act without interference from external bodies or forces. This is the idea of liberty shared by thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, as well as by classical liberal thinkers like F. A. Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. #3 According to this view, an individual is free if she is her own master and can make decisions based on her own ideals and purposes. However, this view of liberty is associated with thinkers lik...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞In "Fundamental Boethius: A Practical Guide to the Theological Tractates and Consolation of Philosophy", M. James Ziccardi presents the key passages and ideas from two of Boethius' two most influential works, the "Theological＜br /＞ Tractates" and "Consolation of Philosophy".＜/p＞ ＜p＞Combined with explanations from the author, this book examines in an easy to follow format Boethius' most important contributions to both Medieval Philosophy and Christian Theology. The book also points out specific instances where Boethius borrows heavily from the ideas of earlier philosophers, thefirst and foremost of these being Aristotle.＜/p＞ ＜p＞Also included in the book is a biographical narrative on the life of Boethius.＜/p＞ ＜p＞(Portions of this book have been extracted from M. James Ziccardi's "The Essence of Medieval Philosophy.")＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Please note: This is a companion version &not the original book. Sample Book Insights: #1 Hindus believe that good behavior leads to better life circumstances, and bad behavior leads to worse circumstances. We must reject the physical world and believe in Brahman, which is nonphysical and formless. #2 Aristotle believed in ideal forms, which are perfect shapes that exist in the nonphysical realm. Humans can access these shapes through meditation. Everything in the physical world exists as a shadow of these ideal forms. The material cause explains the object’s form or shape. The efficient cause explains how the object functions or behaves. The final cause explains why an object is the way it is. -＞ Aristotle was a student of Plato, and he disagreed with his teacher on just about everything. He was not interested in perfection and the world of perfect forms, but rather just wanted to understand how things work. He beli...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Saint Anselm of Canterbury, born around 1033 in Aosta, Italy, is often considered one of the most influential figures in medieval philosophy and theology. His contributions span a variety of fields, from metaphysics to ethics, but his primary legacy lies in his exploration of the nature of God, a theme that permeates nearly all of his writings. Anselm's philosophy is deeply tied to his religious vocation as a Benedictine monk and later the Archbishop of Canterbury, roles that placed him at the heart of the intellectual and ecclesiastical life of 11th and 12th-century Europe. His work blends rigorous logic and deep theological insight, with a focus on the relationship between faith and reason, a hallmark of the medieval scholastic tradition. Anselm takes the reader through a series of meditations on the nature of God, relying on reason to articulate the divine attributes, such as omnipotence, omniscience, and simplicity, th...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞With education and work being two chief and influential elements in modern society, it is important to understand and explore their purpose, contributions and how they are impacted by other factors such as gender. It is the task of Philosophy to investigate these all-important questions, as it is a field of study in which people question and create theories about the nature of reality. Philosophers concern themselves with more than just the fundamental and mysterious topics as whether or not God(s) exist. The fundamental method of western philosophy is the use of reasoning to evaluate arguments. As such, this book takes a philosophical approach to examining these areas by including arguments from philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, John Dewey, Soren Aabye Kierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre; who have all explored the topic of education and work.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Friendship has been one of the most profound and enduring themes in the history of philosophy, and its significance has been explored from various angles throughout the ages. In classical philosophy, friendship was not merely a personal or emotional bond; it was intricately tied to virtue, ethics, and the structure of society itself. The classical conception of friendship, though diverse across different philosophical schools, shared a core understanding that true friendship was rooted in virtue, selflessness, and the pursuit of a higher good. Its importance transcended the individual level, extending into the social and political realms, where it was often linked to the notion of justice, the nature of the good life, and the health of the community.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページからお願いします。※切り替わらない場合は、こちら をクリックして下さい。 ※このページからは注文でき...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The philosophical legacy of Aristotle is one of the most enduring and far-reaching in the history of Western thought. Born in 384 BCE in Stagira, a Greek town in northern Macedonia, Aristotle's intellectual journey would lay the foundation for a philosophical system that would resonate acrossmillennia, influencing generations of thinkers, from the ancient Greeks to the medieval Christian scholars of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire, which succeeded the Roman Empire in the East, became the central repository for classical Greek philosophy after the fall of Rome, and its scholars played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting Aristotle's works. The synthesis of Aristotle's philosophy with Christian theology in Byzantium marks one of the most fascinating intellectual developments in the history of the ancient and medieval worlds.＜/p＞画面が切り替わりますので、しばらくお待ち下さい。 ※ご購入は、楽天kobo商品ページ...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞The Middle Ages, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, were a period marked by intellectual transformations that laid the foundation for much of modern Western thought. Within the framework of these centuries, moral philosophy developed through the interplay of ancient Greco-Roman ideas and Christian theological doctrine. This period, often referred to as the Medieval era, saw the integration of Aristotelian and Platonic philosophies with Christian teachings, creating a unique intellectual tradition known as scholasticism. Scholasticism, which flourished in the medieval universities, was marked by a rigorous method of inquiry that aimed to reconcile faith with reason, theology with philosophy, and the divine with the human. The intellectual context of the Medieval era was strongly shaped by the Christian Church, which was the dominant institution of authority during this time. The Church played an essential ro...

【電子書籍なら、スマホ・パソコンの無料アプリで今すぐ読める！】＜p＞Panentheism, derived from the Greek roots ＜em＞pan＜/em＞ ("all"), ＜em＞en＜/em＞ ("in"), and ＜em＞theos＜/em＞ ("God"), can be understood as the belief or philosophical framework that the divine encompasses and permeates all of existence, while simultaneously transcending it. This concept offers a nuanced alternative to both classical theism, which posits a wholly transcendent God, and pantheism, which equates God entirely with the universe. Panentheism holds that while the world is in God, God is more than the worldーa synthesis that affirms both divine immanence and transcendence.＜/p＞ ＜p＞The term "panentheism" was first coined in the early 19th century by the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781?1832). Krause sought to reconcile the growing tension between the mechanistic worldview emerging from Enlightenment science and the spiritualdimensions of existen...